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Spanish Grammar in Context

A reference grammar with video examples from the Spanish in Texas collection

  • Credits
  • Index
  • About
  • Home
  • Adjectives
    • Introduction to Adjectives
    • Adjectives – Formation and Placement
    • Comparisons and Superlatives with Adjectives
    • Past Participles as Adjectives
    • Todo
    • Indefinite Adjectives
    • Adjectives Practice
  • Adverbs
    • Introduction to Adverbs
    • Adverbs – Formation and Placement
    • Comparative Adverbs
    • Adverbs Practice
  • Conjunctions
    • Introduction to Conjunctions
    • Coordinating Conjunctions
    • Subordinating Conjunctions
    • Conjunctions Practice
  • Determiners
    • Introduction to Determiners
    • Definite Articles
    • Indefinite Articles
    • Possessive Determiners
    • Demonstrative Determiners
    • Expressions of Quantity
    • Determiners Practice
  • Negation
    • Introduction to Negation
    • Basic Negation: No
    • Alternate Forms of Negation
    • One-word Negative Sentences
    • Negation Practice
  • Nouns
    • Introduction to Nouns
    • Nouns – Number
    • Nouns – Gender
    • Nouns Practice
  • Prepositions
    • Introduction to Prepositions
    • Common Prepositions
    • Por vs. Para
    • Prepositions Practice
  • Pronouns
    • Introduction to Pronouns
    • Subject Pronouns
    • Direct Object Pronouns
    • Indirect Object Pronouns
    • Reflexive Pronouns
    • Order of Object Pronouns
    • Relative Pronouns
    • Indefinite Pronouns
    • Demonstrative Pronouns
    • Possessive Pronouns
    • Pronouns Practice
  • Verbs
    • Introduction to Verbs
    • Tense/Mood
    • Introduction to Present Tense
      • -ar Verbs (Regular) Present Tense
      • -er Verbs (Regular) Present Tense
      • -ir Verbs (Regular) Present Tense
    • Ser “To Be”
    • Haber “To Have”
    • Reflexive Verbs
    • Preterit
    • Present Perfect
    • Imperfect
    • Narration: Preterit vs. Imperfect
    • Pluperfect
    • Future
    • Conditional
    • Past Conditional
    • Imperative Mood (commands)
    • Introduction to Subjunctive
      • Subjunctive – Present
      • Subjunctive – Past or Imperfect
      • Subjunctive – Present Perfect
      • Subjunctive – Pluperfect
      • Tense Sequences
    • Si Clauses (If Clauses)
    • Indirect Speech
      • Indirect Speech – Present
      • Indirect Speech – Past
    • Passive Voice
    • Language Contact
    • Verbs Practice
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    Practice quizzes: verbs

    Subjunctive Mood

    Subjunctive

    Subjunctive forms from the Spanish in Texas Corpus

    The subjunctive (subjuntivo) is one of three moods in Spanish (indicative, imperative, and subjunctive). A mood is a grammatical term which helps categorize verb tenses. The subjunctive mood is used more frequently in Spanish than in English. It has two simple tenses, present and past (or imperfect), and two compound tenses, present perfect and pluperfect. It expresses several concepts, such as a wish, hope, or doubt, as well as an obligation or a necessity. One such expression which is always followed by the subjunctive is para que… so that…

    Siempre le danzábamos…para que la cosecha fuera buena.
    We always danced for her… so that the harvest was good.

    Because the subjunctive often occurs in subordinate clauses, the subordinating conjunction que is usually found before the the subjunctive forms.

    Quieren que yo les haga un trabajo.
    They want me to do a job for them.

    Main Uses

    Will, Desire, and Orders

    The subjunctive is used in dependent clauses after expressions of will, desire, and orders whenever there are two different subjects in the two clauses linked by the subordinating conjunction que. Here is a list of common verbs expressing will and desire:

    querer que to want that …
    pedir que to ask that …
    preferir que to prefer that …
    ordenar que to order that …
    esperar que to hope that …
    mandar que to order that…
    desear que to desire that …
    exigir que to require that …
    Espero que el español se vuelva tal vez otro idioma oficial de los Estados Unidos.
    I hope that Spanish becomes maybe another official language in the United States.

    Emotions and Reactions

    The subjunctive is used after expressions of emotion and reactions to something. Remember that the subjunctive is found in the subordinate clause of sentences that contain a change of subject from the main clause to the subordinate clause. A very common structure that triggers the subjunctive is es + adjective + que expressing opinions. Here is a list of common expressions of emotion with which the subjunctive is found in the subordinate clause:

    me gusta que  I like that es fundamental que  it is key that
    me molesta que  it annoys me that sentir que  to be sorry that
    me encanta que  I am delighted that es bueno que  it is good that
    me sorprende que  I am surprised that es inútil que  it is useless that
    es bonito que  it is nice that temer que  to fear that
    es importante que  it is important that es urgente que  it is urgent that
    es triste que  it is sad that tener miedo de que  to fear that
    es justo que  it is fair that es absurdo que  it is absurd that
    Es muy bonito que sepan los dos idiomas.
    It is very nice that they speak both languages.

    The expressions es cierto que, it is true that, es obvio que, it is obvious that, es verdad que, it is true that, and es evidente que, it is evident that are exceptions since they are followed by the indicative and not by the subjunctive.

    Es verdad que hay ciertos principios que uno puede aplicar.
    It is true that there are some principles that one can apply.

    However, when these expressions are used in the negative, in the subordinate clause the subjunctive is used.

    No es evidente que tengas razón. It is not evident that you are right.

    Negative Opinions and Doubt

    The subjunctive occurs in dependent clauses introduced by verbs and expressions of doubt or negative opinions whenever there are two different subjects in the two clauses linked by the subordinating conjunction que. Here is a list of common expressions of negative opinion and doubt with which the subjunctive is found in the subordinate clause:

    no creer que  to not believe that …
    no pensar que  to not think that …
    dudar que  to doubt that …
    no opinar que  to not think that …
    no me/te/le/nos/les parece que  it doesn’t seem to me/you/him that…
    La verdad no, no creo que eso sea correcto.
    Actually no, I do not think this is fair.

    Remember that such expressions of opinion, when used in affirmative statements, are followed by the indicative.

    Creo que voy a quedarme con una familia para que pueda practicar español en la casa.
    I think I will stay with a family so that I can practice Spanish at home.

    Conjunctions with Subjunctive

    When the following conjunctions introduce a subordinate clause with a new subject, they always trigger the subjunctive. Remember that the subjects of the subordinate clause and of the main clause are different.

    para que so that
    sin que  without
    a menos que unless that
    con tal de que provided that
    antes de que before that
    a fin de que in order that
    quizás maybe
    ojalá  hopefully
    tal vez maybe
    A menos que a usted le guste pizza de papel o de cartón no lo recomiendo…
    Unless you like paper or cardboard pizza I would not recommend it.

    After the connector aunque (although), both the indicative and the subjunctive can be used.

    Aunque toda mi vida he vivido aquí en los Estados Unidos.
    Although all my life I have lived here in the United Sates.
    Aunque crezcas entre la pobreza, aunque crezcas entre la ignorancia, aunque crezcas entre gente que, entre las pandillas ah… no es excusa alguna como para que tú decidas hacer decisiones incorrectas en tu vida.
    Although you grow up among poverty, although you grow up among ignorance, although you grow up among people that, among gangs uh… that is not an excuse for choosing to make wrong decisions in your life.

    Time expressions  also require the subjunctive, when they refer to a future event.

    cuando  when
    hasta que until
    en cuanto as soon as
    tan pronto como as soon as
    después de que  after
    Repito y repito la palabra hasta que me salga bien.
    I repeat the word again and again until it sounds right.

    Si (If) Clauses

    The subjunctive is also used in some hypothetical clauses with si (if) along with the conditional or the past conditional.

    Si hubiera ahorrado más, ahora tendría más dinero. If I had saved more, now I would have had more money.

    For more uses of the subjunctive mood and to learn more about which subjunctive tense you should use, see also the page about tense sequences.

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